Constitutional reform has gone too far, or not far enough

Constitutional reform is a process whereby the fundamental nature of the system government (as well as the relationships between governing institutions) is changed, or where change is proposed. In the case of the UK this may also involve the process of codification. Such reforms have arguably been frequently present over recent years, with the introduction of numerous constitutional reforms since 1997-the Golden Date, some might argue. The UK currently has a Two-and-a-Half Party System, with the Liberal Democrats being the half. As such, there are of course many competing points of view, some of which differentiating due to a party’s position on the political spectrum. This essay will identify and explain the differences in opinion concerning whether or not constitutional reform has gone far enough. The Conservative party, made up of many traditionalists of Great Britain, very much believe that constitutional reform has gone too far. They believe that numerous sudden changes have occurred since 1997 under Labour, but there has not been a pause. Britain therefore needs to stop and see if the system is working, before any further/additional-and perhaps unnecessary-changes are made. One of several major constitutional reforms that the Conservative party are opposed to/believes that it is a step too far, is having a codified (written) constitution. This codified constitution would to some extent limit government power, which the Conservatives are very much against; preferring strong government. The party also believe that an uncodified constitution allows it to evolve gradually and naturally over time, ensuring that it suits that particular time period. For example, if the constitution would have been codified one hundred years ago, then the women of today would not be able to vote. The Conservatives therefore argue that the constitution should remain uncodified as many aspects would soon be outdated. The Conservatives also believe that the constitution should only change when there is an obvious problem; and where a clear solution that will improve things exists. The Conservatives also believe that devolution (a process of constitutional reform, whereby power, but not legal sovereignty, is distributed to national or regional institutions) was a step too far, but have reluctantly accepted it. However, they did warn that devolution-especially at the speed that it has occurred at in recent years-may lead to the eventual break up of Great Britain. This is a possible reason for Prime Minister, David Cameron, attempting to dictate the referendum concerning Scottish Independence. The formation of the Scottish Parliament-a result of devolution-has limited the power of the British government over subjects such as education and health in devolved areas. Moreover, although the Conservatives have reluctantly ‘accepted’ devolution, they have given a definite no to Scottish Independence, much to the annoyance of Alex Salmon. The Conservative party, the traditionalists of Great Britain are very much against ‘reform for reforms sake. ’ They were therefore rather reluctant to reform the House of Lords. However, as they are currently in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, who wish to dramatically reform the House of Lords, they had to come up with a compromise. This compromise came in the form of proposing for 80% of the members to be elected, with the remaining 20% being appointed by Appointment Committees. The Conservatives have argued against a fully elected House of Lords because they believe that it is sensible to have experts present in the legislative process. Although such constitutional reform has been proposed, the Conservatives would much rather have not reformed the Lords at all, keeping true to traditional views, which have aided Britain so well in the past. On the other hand, the Conservatives have agreed to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600. As a result, there will be less representation of the people and also less scrutiny; which is the main negative repercussion. Less scrutiny could allow an ajar backdoor for further corruption and manipulation in politics to be present. This particular constitutional reform is one of the few that the Conservatives believe has not gone too far, insisting that it has the potential to aid Great Britain. A further constitutional reform that links to the previous point is the attempt at making boundary sizes more equal. This is to be done in order to achieve political equality, for votes. A prime example of this is the Isle of Wight which has one representative for the entire area. With the implementation of equal boundary sizes, there will be several representatives for the area, which would go some way to ensuring that votes are equal. Nevertheless, this particular constitutional reform is favourable to the Conservatives, as the Isle of Wight is a predominantly Conservative area. The Liberal Democrats, made up of many eager reformists, strongly believe that constitutional reform has not gone far enough. With this view in mind, they wish to reform many aspects of Britain, in the hope of promoting democracy. The Liberal Democrats also believe that prior reforms have laid some of the basic foundations for democracy to be developed, such as the proposed reforms to the House of Lords, but believe they should continue. One of several constitutional reforms that the Liberal Democrats believe have not gone far enough is the constitution remaining uncodified. The Liberal Democrats favour a codified (written) constitution as it outlines the rights of the people, and in a sense, limits government power. A codified constitution could also allow human rights to become entrenched (the device which protects a constitution from short-term amendment). As human rights and liberties are at the heart of many Liberal Democrats, it is obvious why they wish to have a codified constitution, and are not at all content with the current uncodified constitution. This may be because the government has found ways to go around issues in the past, due to the uncodified constitution not distinctly outlining their power, roles and limitations. The Liberal Democrats also believe that a codified constitution could be more democratic, in the sense that popular sovereignty (sovereignty lies with the people, as is the case in America) could be integrated. The Liberal Democrats are also in favour of devolution, which fits in with the idea of federalism (the process by which two or more governments share powers over the same geographic area). During the 1990s and in the run up to the 1997 general election, the Liberal Democrats developed a joint policy with Labour, showing their commitment to devolution. After the invitation onto a cabinet sub-committee, the Liberal Democrat leader and a number of senior figures found itself working with the machinery of government. The policies that they worked on were some of those closest to the hearts of many Liberal Democrats. Although the Liberal Democrats agree with devolution, many would like to take it a step further and go federal. This is why the Liberal Democrats believe that constitutional reform has not gone far enough when it comes to devolution, as a crossover between devolution and federalism is not yet present. Furthermore, the beloved idea of federalism links to both devolution and a codified constitution, which is present in both America and Germany. Nevertheless, the Liberal Democrats disagree with Scottish independence; even though it fits in with the beloved idea of federalism. It therefore seems that the Liberal Democrats are only in favour of constitutional reform that suits them/increases their power and number of seats. The Liberal Democrats believe that constitutional reform has not yet completely reached the House of Lords. The Liberal Democrats are eager for 100% of members of the House of Lords to be elected, similar to a senate present in America and Australia. The members would be elected by proportional representation instead of FPTP, as this has been strongly argued by the Liberal Democrats to be undemocratic. However, due to the coalition, a compromise had to be made which allowed the proposal of a House of Lords with 80% of its members elected to be put forward. This is a clear compromise between the coalition members as the Liberal Democrats are eager to reform many aspects of Britain, including the House of Lords, whereas the Conservatives, the dominant member of the coalition, would prefer not to reform the Lords at all as it has never caused any violent uprisings or revolutions in the past. The Labour party, ‘a party of the working class,’ was the party that first introduced ‘radical’ reforms, stemming from 1997 under Tony Blair. The current Labour party, under Ed Miliband, are reviewing all of their policies and are yet to publish a manifesto. However, the policies that are yet to be published may go back to the roots of Old Labour, have influence from Tony Blair’s Third Way or may set out on a completely different path. The Labour party are said to be somewhere in the middle, agreeing that constitutional reform has gone too far in some aspects, but not far enough in others. For example, when it comes to the constitution, the Labour party are very much in agreement with the Conservatives. This is true in the sense that they also believe that the constitution should be allowed to evolve naturally, instead of being dictated by predecessors. The Labour party also argue that introducing a codified constitution would be very time consuming and very costly. At this point in time, considering that a deficit of over ?1tn exists, introducing a codified constitution would not necessarily be the best thing to spend a large sum of money on. Labour argues that a codified constitution would be fixed/static and could not be easily changed, which would not be ideal in a crisis. The Labour party are in favour of reducing the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600, as long as it is done in the old manner, which would be more beneficial to them. However, the party give a firm ‘no’ to equal boundary sizes. This is predominantly because they would lose out significantly, making it very difficult for Labour to form a significant majority. On this particular issue, Labour believes that equalling boundary sizes is a constitutional reform that is just a step too far. As previously stated, this is most likely because they would lose out dramatically. Similar to the Liberal Democrats, the Labour party are strongly in favour of devolution, but are against Scottish Independence. This is because Labour has a strong grasp on Scotland, and if Scotland was to go independent, they would lose many seats. This loss would make it very difficult for Labour to form a majority, meaning that their chances of being elected as the next government would be extremely slim. This would of course be very beneficial to the Conservatives, but would be very damaging to Labour. Hence why Labour believe that Scottish Independence is a step too far. In conclusion, each of the three main parties have different opinions concerning the true extent of constitutional reform: with the Conservatives predominantly believing that it has gone too far, the Liberal Democrats believing that it has not gone far enough and Labour lying somewhere in between. However, under the coalition, the two members have compromised and have strayed slightly from their original views. The Conservatives, for example, have proposed to reform the House of Lords, which is arguably quite ‘untraditional’ of them. The Liberal Democrats have agreed to reduce the number of MPs in the Commons, even though there will be less scrutiny and they will lose out. The numerous differences in opinions and views over constitutional reform has sometimes allowed for some parties to spring up: the bid for Scottish Independence created the Scottish Nationalist Party and issues concerning the EU have created UKIP. It can be strongly argued that constitutional reform has not gone far enough, in the sense of improving democracy, as several aspects of the UK remain undemocratic, such as reducing the number of MPs in the Commons and not completely reforming the House of Lords.

The No Child Left Behind - 8655 Words

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) law, the 2001 update of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Klein, 2015), was put into place to ensure that all students, regardless of disability label, would meet state mandated academic goals by the 2013-2014 school year. The law was a collaborative effort between both political parties on Capitol Hill, as well as key stakeholders in the civil rights and business groups. The aim of NCLB was to â€Å"advance American competitiveness and close the achievement gap between poor and minority students and their more advantaged peers† (Klein, 2015). NCLB required that each student population, which was to include each defined subgroup, must meet a measurable objective which would be set forth by the state.†¦show more content†¦However, this study sought to increase understanding related to the impact of the inclusive classroom on general education students, who do not have a disability, in rural southwestern Virginia mathematics cla ssrooms. Additionally, this study analyzed whether general education students in the inclusive classroom performed as well on the Virginia Mathematics Standards of Learning test for grades 5-8 as their peers in the non-inclusive classroom. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this quantitative study on the impact of inclusion on general education students in middle school mathematics is to examine achievement outcomes, as measured by the Virginia Standards of Learning test, of the co-teaching model on general education students being taught in the inclusive classroom. This research will be valued by educators in order to plan and assess the effectiveness of current teaching strategies, so that findings can be used to better equip current and aspiring teachers in creating/maintaining an effective model of inclusive teaching. 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At this point in time with the 2004 elections right around the corner, it seems that this Act is taking a lot of criticism for its rigid approach to the educational progress of our children today. No Child Left Behind has some wonderful goals and aspirations: to close the student achievement gap, make public schools accountable, set standards of excellence for every child, and put a qualified

Diversity in Training and Development - 509 Words

Training and Development: Diversity According to Wal-Marts corporate website the company has been dedicated to diversity and inclusion for over five decades. This practice has fostered inclusiveness in the workplace, maximized talents, strengthened customer relevance and enabled the company to deliver innovative solutions to business practices. The company offers the following statistics to support this claim: 27 percent of U.S. officers are women as compared to 17.9 percent in the retail industry, 42 percent of U.S. first and mid-level managers are women; the number of minority associates has increased by 5 percent. Over the last year 38 percent of executive vice president promotions were women, 34 percent of officer promotions were women with 22 percent being people of color; 27 percent of corporate officers were women with 20 percent being people of color; 54 percent of hourly associates promoted in stores and clubs were women; and 77 percent of store and club operations managers started as hourly associates. Diversity Efforts at Wal-Mart CATAGORIES RATING RATIONALE Top Management Support 8 Creation of Chief Diversity Officer to promote diversity within the organization. Provides opportunities for advancement and growth through mentoring programs, sponsorship programs, various leadership courses and Associate Resource Groups enabling associates can connect, collaborate and celebrate their diversity. 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The War Of The United States - 1489 Words

The armies of the United States of America varied greatly from the beginning of America s independence in 1775 to the end of the War of 1812 in 1815. Different presidents holding office during this period brought different political views towards managing the army. These views affected the size and capability of the army in war and peace, with varying effectiveness. Effective in this case refers to the ability of the army to perform tasks given to them by the government. Opinions differing from the actions performed by the government provide insight into alternative ideas for the military, which had varying degrees of viability. During the dawn of the United States of America, Congress led the nation in its affairs. The members†¦show more content†¦Congress could not supply the large army that Nationalists wanted; they could only keep 80 soldiers who were sent to guard West Point. With Indians and British outposts in the frontier, Congress created the 1st American Regiment: 700 militiamen that served in periods of two years. They proved to be very ineffective at managing the border and did not make surveyors feel safe in the frontier. Due to a lack of financial support from taxation, Congress also could not provide payment to soldiers released from duty. This angered many veterans. The ineptitude of Congress resulted in the Newburgh Conspiracy and the Pennsylvania mutiny of 1783, during which veterans demanded Congress pay them for their service. Congress could not call on the army to protect them and they could not pay the veterans, so they were forced to flee Philadelphia to escape a mob of angry veterans. The final push that resulted in Congress to create an efficient standing army was Shay s Rebellion, which lasted from 1786 to 1787. Farmers, heavily burdened by taxes and debts, were led by Daniel Shays, a former officer under George Washington, to raid an American armory at Springfield, Massachusetts. With American army stationed at West Point, the armory was guarded by a mere padlock. Congress was forced to rally a militia to end the riots.

The Link Between Sanitation and Child Life Expectancy in India Critical Analysis Free Essays

â€Å"The expectations are different†, is a statement that Perri Klass makes in her essay entitled â€Å"India†(1986). This observation refers to the difference in child life expectancy between Klass’ home in North America, and her current home in India, where she is practicing paediatric medicine. In North America, every child is expected to surpass their parents in life expectancy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Link Between Sanitation and Child Life Expectancy in India Critical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meanwhile, in India, the possibility that children will die young is very real and happens more than necessary. In 1998 alone, approximately 2. 5 million children under 5 died in India (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000,). What makes this number even more astonishing is that almost all the deaths were preventable. The lack of sanitation leading to deadly water-borne disease in India is the main factor contributing to these extremely high numbers. This essay will explore the role that sanitation has in relation to child life expectancy in India. A base root to sanitation is human hygiene, particularly access to clean water and toiletries. The cost to install a toilet in India is 200 USD (AgoramoortheyHsu, 2009). This, to an average American, does not seem like very much money at all. However, when you are a farmer working in rural India making an average of 150 to 225 USD per year (Agoramoorthy Hsu, 2009), this is a tremendous amount of money. This minimal income is barely enough to maintain basic survival (food, shelter, and clothing), let alone buy a toilet. The government of India, at one time, contributed up to 80% of the cost of purchasing a toilet to promote sanitation, but now the subsidy offered is only 20% (Agoramoorthy Hsu, 2009). An overall lack of funds is the main contributing reason that only 34% of Indian households have access to a toilet (Agoramoothy Hsu, 2009). The other 66% of the population is forced to defecate and urinate in public. The amount of people that do not have access to toilets in India is 638 million (UNICEF India, Water, environment and sanitation, 2011), which is more than 10 times the entire population of Canada (Stats Canada, 2010). The amount of public defecation in India poses massive health endangerment, especially to the most vulnerable population, children, through water contamination. The majority of Indian households do not even have access to running water. Water is mostly brought in to the homes from wells or unsanitary ponds, mainly by women. Proper storage of water is also a massive problem causing contamination, as most containers don’t even have handles. 67% of the residents of India do not treat their water, even though it most definitely is chemically or bacterially contaminated (UNICEF India, Water and environment and sanitation, 2011). As displayed in the below chart (Figure 1), the majority of the slum and rural parts of India rely on waters other than piped water for washing themselves and cleaning cooking supplies( Nath, 2003), leading to cross contamination. Figure 1: Sources of Water for Washing according to Different Population Sectors in Calcutta India (Nath,2003) Sewage control is also quite poorly maintained in India, hence becoming yet another water- related issue. With a total of about 4000 towns in India, only approximately 200 of them have partially covered sewage systems, resulting in poor drainage for storm waters leading to frequent flooding of defecated in waters (Nath,2003). Monsoon season is often the worst for defecation contaminating the waters due to the immense amount of rainfall and resulting in overland runoff. Contaminated waters are common in India; therefore the water is difficult to avoid especially for kids. Children inadvertently consume defecation in pond water as they are playing, resulting in illness. In the developing world 24,000 children under the age of 5 die every day from preventable diseases caused by contact of unclean water (water. org, 2011). That is almost a quarter of a million lives that could be saved alone by something as simple as clean water. 21% of all disease in India is water-related (UNICEF India, Water, environment and sanitation, 2011), and yet preventable. With the prevalence of water-related diseases in India, one would think the government would step in and vaccinate the children against rotavirus. Currently, children in India are not vaccinated against rotavirus, which is the leading cause of diarrheal illness. (UNICEF India, Water, environment and sanitation, 2011) A child here in Canada can get diarrhoea and be given over the counter medicine such as Pesto Bismal and be fine in couple hours or, at worst, be hospitalized for dehydration and be out the next day. In India, in 1996 there were a staggering 1600 deaths a day from diarrhoea, resulting from water contamination. Unicef India, Water, environment and sanitation, 2011). Something as preventable and treatable as diarrhoea should not cause as many children to die as it does. Only 39% of children that get diarrhoea in India receive the recommended treatments (UNICEF/WHO, Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done? ). If these children had received proper treatment, or had a vaccination to prevent this in the first place they would most likely still be alive. Aids was once thought to be the most targeted killer of children in developing countries, but now, a preventable and curable illness like diarrhoea has taken the lead. Diarrhoea now kills more young children than AIDS, malaria measles combined. (UNICEF/WHO, Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done, 2009) As illustrated below in Figure 2, cases of diarrhoea did appear to decline briefly from 1992-1993 only to rise quickly again by 1998 (Nath, 2003). Figure 2: Reported Data on Diarrhoea in India from 1989 to 1998 (Nath,2003) As noted in Klass’ essay (India, 1986) expectations are different in India and North America regarding child life expectancy. In North America what seemingly are simple things like clean water, and toilets, are rare in most parts of India. We, in America also expect the government to readily step in with immunization programs and funding if needed. In India there are immunization programs but they are not readily implemented. We expect our children to live longer and not die from preventable disease due to unsanitary conditions. In India, it is expected that children may precede their parents in death, due to preventable illness caused by lack of sanitation. With millions of children dying yearly in India from sanitation related illness, maybe it is time something was done instead of just being said. How to cite The Link Between Sanitation and Child Life Expectancy in India Critical Analysis, Essays

Distribution Channels free essay sample

The distribution Channels allows companies be more competitive, searching how to reduce costs and helping consumers to acquire on an easy way their product. A company that has good distribution channel has a relevant competitive advantage in the market. Distribution channels have advantages and disadvantages that are going to be described along this essay. It is important to take into account that it exist two channels of distribution; industrial and consumer channels. The purpose to mention this is because this two canals if there are very good strategic organized, generates aggregate value to the product, and a result the satisfaction of the consumer and overcoming its expectations about the product. If through the entire channel it is added value by each integrant, the product will be a competitive and top good or service. The book also mentions that the management that it’s in charge of the distribution has to be monitoring the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Distribution Channels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason of that is that the market environment is always changing, if this environment is efficient monitored, the company can be a step forward so this changes can’t be able to affect the strategic performance. To be continued, also the book mentions some advantages because of the participation of intermediaries in the channel which are: the specialization and division of labor, the reduction of discrepancies of quantity and assortment of merchandise, there is a less distance with the target market, facilitates the purchase process, there is a significant reduction of contacts, facilitates scale economies and as we mentioned on the paragraph before there is a collaboration in the generation of aggregate value of time, place and form. To end with, it is relevant knowing that retailers and wholesalers (intermediaries) contribute in reducing the gaps between producers and consumers, in quality of place and moment. On the other hand, there are several disadvantages that must be taken into account. To start with, according to the book the distribution channels are also social systems, because of this reason the channel has to face with ome problems like: internal conflicts between members of the channel and also between the same members of the organization, another problem is power, this can be a double-edged sword, power has to be applied in the right moment, if not it could generate internal and external conflicts. When it is mentioned power it is important to know that the book talks about 5 types which are: rewarding, coercive, formally legalized, referent and expert. The third problem that can appear is roles, this is an important factor that if is not specified along the canal and inside the organization, then there may be several problems like for example decreasing the quality of the product, service, incoherence between consumers, distributers and producers. To finish with, the last social problem that can leap up is the communication process, if there is not good communication it would be very difficult to achieve the objectives that where purpose at the beginning. There are also some disadvantages because of the participation of the intermediaries in the channels which are: loss of control and management of the merchandise, loss of the information and loss of sales force. To conclude, it is important to take these disadvantages into account, because this problems that rise up in the distribution channel can be controlled with a good strategy, an efficient coordination of the inputs through all the channel, also creating specific and clear objectives, which can cover all participating members of the channel, making this link between needs and performance satisfying both consumers and each individual that participates giving value to the product.

Analysis On Booz, Allen And Hamilton. Essays - Management Consulting

Analysis On Booz, Allen And Hamilton. Introduction Booz-Allen & Hamilton is one of the world's largest management consulting firms. Traditionally, the firm had decentralized regional offices serving clients independent of other offices. This made cooperation between offices difficult, which was hurting company's overall performance. To overcome this problem they came up with a Vision 2000 plan under which the company was divided into three regions which were further sub-divided (see exhibit 1). This was the first phase of the plan and the company was considering implementation of the second phase which was to globally integrate all the three regions. Advantages of Vision 2000 plan ? The biggest challenge that the company was facing was cooperation between different offices but this problem was solved because of the new compensation plan. ? It made the geographic expansion easier as the offices now shared the staff within the same region. ? The Target Client concept helped the company in developing long-term relationships with the clients which resulted in increasing revenues (see exhibit 2). ? The Mentoring program resulted in development and evolution of better consultants. It also helped the company in serving the personal needs of the consultants and provided as a skill set for mentors to become partners. ? The extensive training programs that consisted of four delivery channels really helped in training and increasing the efficiency of the consultants. ? The globally integrated structure of knowledge sharing through different programs gave the company a competitive edge over its competitors. ? Through the Knowledge On-Line databases, the consultants could get considerable amounts of information about the clients and could also get knowledge and expertise of other consultants from all over the world. These information databases helped consultants serve the needs of clients better with analysis formulated by other consultants. ? Through the knowledge sharing amongst innovation teams, the company used to come up with solutions on particular problems. ? The monitoring of the engagement teams through information professionals also helped in keeping a check on team's performance. Also they helped the team to put the knowledge gained after the engagement for the use of the other consultants in the future. ? Greater integration and communication between teams working on the same client helped in understanding and serving the client better. ? Higher growth in revenues and Profits was achieved against competitors (see exhibit 3). Disadvantages of Vision 2000 plan ? The staffing and planning process became very difficult and complex because the company wanted to give the clients the best consultants possible and tried it's best to match the consultant's expertise to the client's needs. ? Cultural Differences and higher demand for expert consultants also created a problem in the allocation of consultants. ? High cost and inefficiencies were also associated with allocating management. ? Lot of times consultants didn't want to move from their original places of practice to where the client was located and therefore the strain of traveling and moving affected their performance. ? Consultants often wanted to broaden their knowledge by shifting into different industry groups making expertise in one group shorthanded. Recommendations After looking at the above advantages and disadvantages of the vision 2000 plan, I recommend that they should not globally integrate their three regions into one because of the following reasons: ? Already the company is facing problems because of cultural differences and further integration would increase these differences. ? The cost of traveling and communications would increase by further integration because of larger distances. ? The strain of traveling and moving would also increase which would result in high staff turnover and would also affect staff performance. ? Already the staffing and planning process is complex and difficult and further integration would make it worse. ? Without global integration, the company could very well manage the projects of its very important client -IAL all around the world through its advanced communication and knowledge sharing methods. ? The main benefit that is associated with the global integration is that better staff knowledge and expertise can be utilized from all over the world but the company to a large extent is already successful in doing that through its advanced knowledge sharing methods. So instead of globally integrating, I think they should focus on their current strengths such as building long term relationships with their clients, recruiting and retaining more expert consultants and making